2288.11 – A Symmetric Equation


Show that the solutions of the equation

x2+y2+z2=xy+yz+xz,x^2 + y^2 + z^2 = xy + yz + xz,

satisfy x=y=z.x = y = z.


Solution

Students ought to be able to argue that at least the solution values are interchangeable, that is, that if x=a,y=b,z=cx = a, y = b, z = c is a solution, then so is x=c,y=z,z=bx = c, y = z, z = b. To prove the stronger result that the solutions are constant, treat the equation as a quadratic in xx:

x2(y+z)x+(y2yz+z2)=0.x^2 - (y + z) x + (y^2 - yz + z^2) = 0.

The quadratic formula gives:

x=(y+z)±(y+z)24(y2yz+z2)2. x = \frac{(y + z) ± \sqrt{(y+z)^2 - 4 (y^2 - y z + z^2)}}{2}.

Amazingly, the discriminant factors:

(y+z)24(y2yz+z2)=y2+2yz+z24y2+4yz4z2)=3y2+6yz3z2=3(yz)2=3(yz)(zy). \begin{aligned} (y+z)^2 - 4 (y^2 - yz + z^2) & = & y^2 + 2 y z + z^2 - 4 y^2 + 4 y z - 4 z^2) \\ & = & -3 y^2 + 6 y z - 3 z^2 \\ & = & -3 (y - z)^2 \\ & = & 3 (y - z) ( z - y). \end{aligned}

Now we have,

x=(y+z)±3(yz)(zy)2. x = \frac{(y + z) ± \sqrt{3 (y - z) ( z - y)}}{2}.

Observe that unless y=z,y = z, just one of the terms yzy - z and zyz - y will be negative, which can’t be. So y=zy = z, and similarly x=yx = y and x=zx = z.